Motives for British Imperialism

1. According to Halstead, slavery was in declined because they costed money and that it need to be abolished in order to keep free trade available and they wanted to spread their idea of foreign policy to other countries. Also because industrialization was booming and there were a lower need for slaves.
2. According to Halstead, trade did not have an influence on British imperialism because the places they were imperializing had no knowledge of trade, besides their normal bartering system. I somewhat agree with this.
3. Halstead's beliefs differ from Richard Cobden because he believed foreign policy was the main reason the British imperialized, whereas Cobden had other reasons.
4. Halstead's final reasonings for British Imperialism were national security, protecting free trade, protecting commercial routes, competition for markets, and spheres of influence, settlement, colonization, diplomacy, and ideology.

The White Man’s Burden

1) What does Kipling mean by "the White Man's burden?"
I think Kipling is describing the pride and the responsibility the white men felt to take over the rural areas of the world when he talks about "the White Man's burden". The white men believed it was their job to teach uncivilized people the white man's civilized ways.

2)How does Kipling justify imperialism?
He justifies imperialism by stating that the people living on the land were savages and needed guidence in order to live better. He also validates imperialism by describing how famine and sickness ceases when the white men comes in and "helps" them.

3)Why might such justification be so appealing?
These justifications make it seem like the white people are imperializing for selfless reasons, which is certainly not the case. Kipling paints a picture that the white men are utilizing there advancements for the greater good of everyone, rather than revealing the greed and selfishness behind it all.

4)Why was religion used as a justification over money, capitalism, the greater good, and political strength?
Using religion was a smart idea. The fact that the imperialists looked like they were moving into these countries to help the native's salvation made it seem like they were doing something great, whereas if it was said that they were doing it for more money or political power it wouldn't be as appealing.

Industrial Rev - SAQ’s

Industrial Revolution
Q2) Machines had both a positive and negative effect on the world. They were good because they made jobs easier and took the place of workers in which the owners of factories would have to pay. They were bad because they required smaller people to work them, children, therfore causing the kids to develop uncurrable diseases or die due to exhaustion, fatigue, and/or falling into the machine.
Q3) Crop rotation helped the growing population because its system provided a way to have food during every season of the year; therefore preventing famine and hunger.

Social Ramifications
Q3) After the Factory Acts were approved, factories and mines could only hire children over 9 years old. Employers had to have some kind of documentation for each worker. Children between the ages of 9-13 could not work more than 9 hours a day and children between 13-18 could not work more than 12 hours a day and none of them could work at night. Two hours schooling was required every day for children. Four factory inspectors were appointed to enforce the law throughout the whole country. However, the passing of these acts did not mean that the abuse ended completely.
Q4) Socialism appealed to so many people during the Industrial Revolution because the poor could see the distinction between them and the rich was getting larger and larger, and the idea that everyone could be truely equal and everybody could help each other out. Also, it was said to be able to end poverty and injusitice which made people very happy especially those in that situation.

Inventors & Inventions
Q1) The Cotton Gin had both a positive and negative effect on the slave population. On one hand, it made it easier because they no longer had to search for the seeds in the cotton anymore, they had the machine to do that. But on the other hand, they had to work ten times as hard in order to keep up with the machine. So it was a win-lose situation.
Q5) The advancements in medicines lead to a bigger population due to the fact that the people were not dieing of currable diseases anymore. Louis Pasteur founded the germ theory which states that germs are microorganisms that can be good or bad for your body. He also invented the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax and developed a process called pasturization which prevent diseases from growing inside certain foods.

2nd Industrial Revolution & Mass Society
Q1) The power during the mid to late 19th century switched to the lower classes in the city when the idea of laissez-faire (hands-off) was terminated because the workers had horrible working conditions and were not going to vote for those who gave them bad working conditions; therefore mass society was created. Mass society was an idea that appealed to the lower class because it was in fair of the society and it allowed the government to get involved with businesses and develop rules and regulations for the employers.
Q7) Women's Suffrage allowed women to become more involved with society. Because they could vote, they were able to speak out about different political subjects. Also, the Temperance Movement created controversy and permited women to speak out about alcoholism and different problems pertaining to alcohol.

Labor Unions
Q1) Immigration and the decline of the slave trade helped give Labor Unions more power and influence because more people were coming and going to and from other countries, the Unions enable people to have one work place in which is secure. Also, since slavery was becoming less common, people needed workers, or laborers, in whidh Labor Unions would provide for those businesses.
Q5) Because Lassiez Fair was so money driven, the workers were left in the dust. In other works, the employees did not have good working conditions, therefore causing death and diseases. The employers needed as many worker as possible. Thats when Labor Unions came in handy. They provided workers and were associated with other companies in the same work field.

Japanese & Russian Industrialization
Q5) The Japanese were able to industrialize so easily because they were all on the same page, or they all agreed and pitched in to help industrialize. Also, because they had England and America as examples, and they didn't have a lot of land that they had to change.
Q11) England, Japan, and Russia all had different approaches to industrialization. England did a complete one-eighty when deciding to industrialize and turned the people's lives upside-down. In Japan it was a smooth transition because everyone was on board and willing to change. Unfortunatly in Russia the people were forced to change and were unable to catch up with the other countries.

Industrial Rev - Journal Entry

My name is Noah Berly, I'm 10 years old, and I work for a blanket manufacturer. I have had this job since I was wee lad of 6 years. My work day consists of fixing broken machinery from 6, sometimes 5, in the morning until 8, or 9, in the evening, which was about 14 to 16 hours of work a day. I live fairly close to the mill, so it is not that difficult being on time in if I run. Although if I were to be late, which I have a couple times due to oversleeping, I would be severely beaten. When I was too young to work a machine, I assisted a retched textile worker named John Rex. If I made a mistake he would abuse me physically and verbally. It was as if he didn't care about me at all, like I was just a slave worker or his property and all I was good for was labor. Now if I am late or not working hard enough, an advisor can tie a weight around my neck and force me to walk up and down the ailes in order to inflict embarassment upon myself and to show the others an example of what might happen to them if they aren't on time or if they don't do their job correctly. This could last up to an hour causing my neck to feel awful, almost to the point where I cannot rotate my head. I fear I may develop rickets from working so hard and the abuse. After work I go home for supper, but most of the time I fall asleep before it is served, so I don't end up eating anything due to my fatigue. The pain inflicted on us is unbareable at times. I get so depressed, but I know I have to help provide for my family. Sometimes I wonder if the cruelty will ever stop.

Declaration of the Rights of Man Picture

This image of the Declaration of the Rights of Man could be considered propagandistic because it is showing an offious graditude and support for the document. First of all, there is an angel flying over the article probably symbolizing that it was blessed by the Lord somehow. The texted looks like a tomb stone, so that could symbolize the death of the monarcy. The person sitting on the "grave" looks royal and is wearing chains; that could mean that those who were in power, now must abide to what the society wants. The liberties in listed in the Declaration of the Rights of Men are similar to those that we have in our Constitution and Declaration of Independance.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

1. All men are looked at equally under the civil law and therefore have equal rights. Society will only be divided into two groups; those who are considered "good" and others which are seen as "bad".
2. The government's main focus will be for the wellbeing and protection of the people. The focal point of the laws will be the natural rights of men (freedom, possessions, and saftey).
3. No one person or group will have complete control over the nation. The people will rule over themselves.
4. Freedom has limits. You may do what you please as long as it is not interfering with someone else's natural rights.
5. Nothing that is not in the law can be forced onto anyone. If the law doesn't forbid something, it is acceptable. Laws only exist to protect the people in its society.
6. Every man has a say in the law. A man can be anything he wants (job, or occupation) as long as he has fulfilled the requirements to be whatever it is he wants to be.
7. No one can be arrested for no lawful reason. Anyone killing or asking for an innocent person to be killed will be punished. If someone who is guilty of breaking the law resists arrest, he/she has offened the law and will also be punished.
8. The law will only inflict serious consequences when completely required. No one will be punished for no lawful reason.
9. All men are considered innocent until proven guilty (people are good pending they do something wrong). If an arrest is believed to be necessary, then any addition abuse afflicted on the prisoner will be subdued by the law.
10. All men will have a voice reguardless of their personal opinions, morals, and/or religion. The discludes opinions that may disrupt the social law.
11. All men have the right to freedom of speech. However, retaliation for their words will delt with by the law.
12. The military exists for the security of ALL men; therefore the military forces must be loyal to everyone, not any one group.
13. To pay for the military forces, everyone will be taxed equally according to their financial situation (rich taxed more than poor).
14. The public has the right to decide how much they will be taxed and what the money will contribute to.
15. The people have the right to elect who they want run their government.
16. A nation whose laws are not applied and power is not separated, or distinct, has no structure, or order.
17. All men have the right to own property, unless they are legally unable to purchase the estate.

"Common Sense" by Thomas Paine

1) "That the crown is this overbearing part in the English constitution needs not be mentioned, and that it derives its whole consequence merely from being the giver of places and pensions is self-evident; wherefore, though we have been wise enough to shut and lock a door against absolute Monarchy, we at the same time have been foolish enough to put the Crown in possession of the key." Common Sense by Thomas Paine

Paine is basically saying that they ruler of England has a lot to do with their constitution and is a big bulk of the problems they had here only because he his the "land lord" of the estates. He also states that even though they don't believe in absolute Monarchy, they are being ruled by that in which they do not believe in.

2)"MANKIND being originally equals in the order of creation, the equality could only be destroyed by some subsequent circumstance: the distinctions of rich and poor may in a great measure be accounted for, and that without having recourse to the harsh ill-sounding names of oppression and avarice. Oppression is often the CONSEQUENCE, but seldom or never the MEANS of riches; and tho' avarice will preserve a man from being necessitously poor, it generally makes him too timorous to be wealthy." Common Sense by Thomas Paine

Pain is stating that they are all born equally, but things like wealth, names, and status are what divides, or separates, them. The punishment for this kind of ranking is tyranny. He also says that the poor never get the chance to become wealthy and that their basically stuck where they are at and that they are too afriad to be wealthy because they know nothing about being rich.

3)"Volumes have been written on the subject of the struggle between England and America. Men of all ranks have embarked in the controversy, from different motives, and with various designs; but all have been ineffectual, and the period of debate is closed. Arms as the last resource decide the contest; the appeal was the choice of the King, and the Continent has accepted the challenge." Common Sense by Thomas Paine

In this exerpt, Paine is explaining that those people before them have been able to fight for their rights and have influenced their country in many ways. This, then, proves that the common people can decide who they wan to rule, but it is going to take some hard work and determination to get those rights.


http://www.ushistory.org/paine/commonsense/sense2.htm
http://www.ushistory.org/paine/commonsense/sense3.htm
http://www.ushistory.org/paine/commonsense/sense4.htm

Vocabulary 3

The Estates General were representatives of the three estates, in which made up a legislative body. They provided nobles an opportunity to bring about change (like the Glorious Revolution in England). They hoped they could guarantee their own civil liberties by putting the absolute monarcy in power over the nobles.

1st Estate consisted of the clergy. The clergy had enourmous wealth and privilege. People in this estate included high Church leaders (bishops and abbots) and common church workers (parish priests, nuns, and monks). It was responsible for some social services as well. The priests, nuns, and monks were in charge of schools, hospitals, and orphanages.

2nd Estate consisted of the nobility of French Society. The occupants of this class were the noble knights. Richelieu and Louis XIV terminated the nobles' military power, but provided them with additional rights under tight royal control. They gave those in this class opportunities to have top jobs in government, the army, the courts, and the Church.

3rd Estate consisted of the majority of the population. Of all the estates, this was the most socially diverse. The highest on the social latter of this estate was the bourgeoisie (middle class) which included successful bankers, merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, doctors, journalists and professors. The estates majority, however, included rustic peasants. Some of these peasants were successful landowners in which hired laborers. The rest were either tenant famer and/or day laborers. Urban workers were the poorest member of the 3rd Estate.

Bourgeoisie were considered the middle class overall, however, it was the top social class of the 3rd Estate. It included affluent merchants, bankers, manufacturers, lawyers, doctors, journalists and professors. These people often thought money, power, and social standing was of upmost importance.

Declaration of The Rights of Man was the first step toward a constitution. It had the same ideals as the American declatation of Independence and expressed similar opinions toward natural rights as John Locke. For example it stated that the government is only here to protect our natural rights as citizens. It also stated that all men were equal under the law. Women were very upset with the fact that these laws didn't pertain to them.

Era of Mutual Discontent was one of the first steps toward the French Revolution. It started when the 3rd Estate was disappointed because they were always being out voted by the other estates two to one, in which they decided to create the National Assembly and revolt against the 1st and 2nd Estates.

National Assembly was what the 3rd Estate declared themselves to be when the other estates were out voting them two to one and would not consider the votes to be counted "by head". Its meeting hall was in a local indoor tennis court, locked and guarded because they were afriad that King Louis would banish them. This is where they came up with the infamous Tennis Court Oath in which stated that they wouldn't part and meet only when completely neccessary until they have a voice in their society and a fair consitution.

Tennis Court Oaths was a historic agreement made by those in the 3rd Estate on a tennis court. The oath was formed because the 3rd Estate was always getting out voted by the 1st and 2nd two to one. The 3rd Estate wanted all three to vote as one society, in which the votes would be counted "by head". The 3rd Estate decided to proclaim themselves as the National Assembly, and because they feared they'd be sent away by King Louis, they met in an indoor tennis court to discuss the matter at hand. In the oath they swore "never to separate and to meet whenever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution."

King Louis XVI ruled France from 1715 - 1774. He often placed personal gratification before important business and had France drowning in debt. He was well-meaning, however, he was also shy and indecisive. His lack of leadership caused him to trust those he was close with and use their opinions over his own. For example, he sensibly chose Jacques Neckler (financial expert) as an advisor. He had gave great advise to the king about overspending, reforming the government, and getting rid of tariffs on international trade. However, when he suggested the 1st and 2nd Estates should be taxed, the high clergy and nobles forced the king to fire him. This therefore concludes that he was intimitated by those he knew.

Maximilien Robespierre was an insightful lawyer and politician who had lead the Committee of Public Saftey. He was known as the "incorruptible" by the Jacobins because of his extreme devotion to this revolution. His opponents called him a tyrant. He was a believer in freedom of religion and wanted to get rid of slavery. The sans-culottes and him joined together with their hate of their dated government. Robespierre said, "Libery cannot be secured unless criminals lose their heads."

Reign of Terror was one of the neccessary steps to achieve revolution. According to Robespierre, it was essential because the French needed to "stifle the domestic and foreign enemies of the Republic, or perish with them...If the basis of popular government in time of peace is virtue, the basis of popular government in time of revolution is both virtue and terror." Some people who did not take part in the revolution were convicted and arrested by the government. They were either beheaded by the guillotine or died of disease in the disgusting prisons. After Robespierre was arrested and killed, the deaths slowed down abruptly.

Jacobins were a revolutionary political club, in which the majority was made up of middle-class lawers or intellectuals. They were the sans-cuottes support in the Legislative Assembly. They took advantage of the media and asked editors of newspapers and pamphlets to publish the republican cause (ruled by elected officials rather than a monarch). Moderate reformers and political leaders had the opposite opinions and wanted the reform to be terminated.

Committee on Public Safety was a revolutionary organization run by Maximilien Robespierre (wise lawyer and politician). This committee took the idea of Rousseau's that common motivation was the cause for all just law. They supported the idea of religious freedom and desired to terminate slavery. They had a 12-member committee, in which had complete control of the whole assembly. They were also reponsible for trials and executions.

Girondins were the rivals of the Jacobins in the revolution. They wanted nothing to do with reform. They considered Robespierre to be nothing but a tyrant and disagreed with everything that he believed in. During the Reign of Terror they arrested and convicted both innocient and guilty people. They either beheaded them with a guillotine or threw them in a unsanitary prison, in which they would most likely die from disease.

What is Enlightenment?

1.What does Kant mean by “Freedom”
-By freedom he means that when men become mature, they are free of what others were telling them to think, or know, because before they were not truely allowed to them think for themselves. Having freedom means to have your own opinions on matters, or your own personal morals and values, and being able to express them to others without fear.

2.Why does Kant feel “freedom” is so central to the Enlightenment?
-Without this freedom of speech, some would never be enlightened to think a different way or use their reasoning skills. In other words, people would not have heard of these new ideas had there been no freedom; therefore the Age of Enlightenment would not have existed.

3.How do people become enlightened and what is the appropriate environment to accomplish this?
-People become enlightened when they hear or read something that makes them think in a different way. The most appropriate place for this to be accomplished would be somewhere
in which people are supporting things that would make a society better, rather than making everyone believe in something that could potentially ruin a civilization.

4.How does Kant relate enlightenment and politics?
-He wrote about how a politcal leader/ruler could be enlightened by his subjects if he lets them debate publically. If this were to occur, then the official could possibly take the citizens criticism and opinions, and apply them; ultimately creating a better government and nation.

Vocabulay 2

The Enlightenment is a period of time where people's original way of thinking is altered, or changed. Also, a time when the study of science, astronomy, and philosophy mesh together in order change societies approach to life, religion, and/or government.

The Scientific Revolution (Age of Reason) changed European's view on the world. The fathers of this revolution showed society the importance of human reason. It brought about ideas of natural law (rules made possibel by reason), social contract (deal by which people gave up their freedom for an organized society), and natural rights (rights intitled to someone at birth).

Copernicus was a Polish astronomer and mathematician. He also was the first to disprove that the universe did not revolve around Earth. He then discovered that the universe orbits around the sun (heliocentric). The Catholic Church rejected his heliocentric idea ;nevertheless, it was the start of a change in the way the world was viewed, and Copernicus became one of the fathers of the Scientific Revolution.

John Locke was a British philosopher. He believed the majority of people were rational and ethical. He came up with the idea of natural rights (see Scientific Revolution def.), in which included the right to life, liberty, and property. He was concerned one of the most influencial philosopher of the Enlightenment. He wrote many essays supported the rights of life and human understanding.

Montesquieu was a English philosopher. He believed everything was made of unchangeable laws and rules. He evaluated these laws scientifically in order to better understand their importance in society. he thought the best working government would be one that was divided equally between three groups of officials. Those three groups of officials would soon be known as the three branches of the American Government (Executive, Judicial, and Legislative). He also created the concept of checks and balances, in which guarentees that no one branch becomes too powerful.

Jean Jacques Rousseau was a philosopher from Switzerland. He created the ideas of social contract (see Scientific revolution def.) and sovereignty (supreme authority within a territory). he thought a civilization was made of corrupted people. He believe that a "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in shackles."

Voltaire was a French philosopher. He studied law, but quit in order to write. He was sent to Bastille (prison) twice because of his comments. He spoke out against established religious and political systems and took intrest in any cases of injustice (religious prejudice). Thought up the idea of separation of church and state (religious freedom). He was a very sarcastic man, who gave criticism and expressing his own opinion by making fun of people and ideas. He didn't take himself too seriously.

Thomas Paine was an English philosopher who wrote the famous book Common Sense. He supported the voice of the common man and one of the first to say that Britian should not rule America because they are selfish and they are not the only country occupying the land. He committed himself to striving toward American independence. He also advised an instant declaration of independence and the organization of a republican constitution.

Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher who wrote the book Leviathan. He had a very negative view on people. He believed people were selfish and as long as power is availiable, people are always going to desire that power. According to Hobbes, government soul purpose is protect people from their own selfishness and evil. He thought a short, strong government should control people.

Common Sense was a book written by Thomas Paine. It was published in 1776, and challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. Thomas Paine used a language in which the common people of America could understand and it was the first work to openly ask for independence from Great Britain.

Offices of the Roman Republic

The Consul positon in ancient Rome has many similarities and differences compared to our American President today. One major difference would be that the Consul was made of two men, but we only have one president. One similarity would be that the Consul and our president both have power over their military. However, the Consul had complete control of their army, whereas, our president has the majority of the power, but he is not completely in charge of the troops. In order to lead their army into war, the Consul had to read auguries (books on signs and omens) and our president has to be educated on war strategies, so in a way they both had to learn how to fight and lead a war. The age in which the Consul must be in order to be elected is around the same age someone needs to be, to be president. Although sometimes the rules were broken and a person who was not the correct age was elected. This would never be allowed in our presidential campaigns.

The Quaestors and Aedile were very similar to our local detectives and public police. Although policemen don't usually hold public festivals like the Aediles, they do enforce public order and regulate public festivals. In other words, our police is not in charge of public events, but they do supervise them. The Quaestors and local detectives both investigate criminal acts. When it comes to the money, Quaestors are more like our treasurers because they both supervise the treasury.

There are two major differences between the American and Roman Senate. One, all of the Roman Senate meetings had to end by nightfall, whereas American Senate meetings have an unlimited amount of time. Two, in the Roman Senate the votes were casted by raising of hands, or dividing the room, whereas the American Senate votes with ballots.

Vocabulary

Polises were ancient Greek city-states ruled by their citzens. They all were Greek and had different opinions therefore creating issues and problems which then influenced Plato and Aristotle to write there philosophies on government.

Homer is known to be the author of the two earliest existing poems from ancient Greece (the Iliad and the Odyssey). The ancient Greeks referred to him as the “holy poet” because he created a whole new view on mankind that was entertaining and somewhat realistic to what was happening at that time.

Iliad & The Odyssey were two epic poems written by Homer that were mildly ironic. These poems are important because they show us what the ancient Greeks believed in and their overall morals and values.

Pericles was a general and politician in ancient Athens. He believed that the Assembly was not good enough and that there was not a sufficient amount of people participating in the meetings. Therefore, he created radical democracy, in which they pay politicians using taxes.

The Persian War started when Xerxes came to power, in which the Persians launched a retaliatory mission against Athens. Themistocles prepared the Athenians for war by suggesting a navy-building project. In fact, he convinced the Athenians to invest the profits from a newly discovered silver mine into this project. Sparta, Corinth, and Athens lead the thirty-one city-states that decided to fight in the war against the Persians. Sparta was made leader of all land and sea operations. In the end, Sparta's king (Pausanias) lead the battle of Plataea, and their army retreated back to Persia.

The Peloponnesian War was an ancient Greek war, fought by Athens and its empire against the Spartans and their Peloponnesian League. The conflicts started when Sparta started attaching Attica and Athens used their naval advantages to raid the coast of the Peloponnese. A treaty was soon signed, but then broken by Sparta, and Peloponnesian League, when they ambush Athens. The war came to an end when the Athenian naval fleet was destroyed. The war changed ancient Greece in many ways. For example the struggle between Athen's idea of democracy and Sparta's idea of Oligarchy made civil war common in the Greek society

The Centuriate Assembly was composed of citizens only. Status was very important in this assembly. The more money, armor, land, etc that you had, the more your vote counted. There were 98 wealthy groups and 95 poor (rigged toward wealthy) and about 193 people in all. The wealthy were known as the Patricians and the poor were the Plebeians. These groups were called centuries and each had one vote. The senate ruled above everyone.

Conflict of the Orders started when the poor (Plebeians) decided to go on strike by refusing to fight in wars, or be in the military. This strike lasted for about 200 years, but luckily Rome was not invaded during that time. The Patricians finally gave in and the Plebeians gained quite a bit. For example, the wealthy and poor were mixed because the groups were divided according to what region you lived in. Plebeians were also given the opportunity to run for office and intermarry.

Tribal Assembly was established after the Patricians decided to give the Plebeians fair voting rights. They did this by dividing up the centuries according to what region you lived in; therefore, mixing the poor with the rich. This made voting more accurate and just.

A Patrician was a member of an important, or wealthy, family in ancient Rome. They controlled most of the voting rights and government before the Plebeians boycotted the military. They were well educated, aristocratic people who were usually significant officals.

The Plebeians were known as the common people, or the poor. They were the lower class citizens in ancient Rome and were often the ones fighting in the war (huge part of the military). They gained reasonable voting rights when they rejected their military duties for about 200 years. They also were allowed to run for office.

A Senator was a powerful Roman citizen who helped make laws and control the city. Senators were elected to do different jobs in the senate. They were extremely wealthy and owned the finest of clothing. Senators also had a right to the best seating at public displays next to members of the Priesthood, the Vestals, and the ruling King, Consuls or Emperor and entourage. To be in the Senate you first had to serve as a magistrate. Once elected to a magistracy, membership in the Senate was for life, although censors sometimes tried to take senator's immorality.

The Consul were two men elected by the Comitia centuriata. They were only allowed to be in power for one year in order to prevent corruption. They were the head of the Senate, controlled the Roman army, and had the highest juridical power in the Roman empire. One had to be at least 43 years old to become consul.

Plato and Aristotle Notes

• Plato was Aristotle's teacher
• Socrates was Plato's teacher
• 428-374 BCE - Plato
• came from aristocrat family wealthy, educated
• born in Athens (known for intelligence)
• Present at teacher's exitcution (399) had taught Plato for 20yrs
• traveled in Egypt, started a school in Athens called the Academy
• spent rest of life teaching
• wrote dialoges on how people should think (effective filter) and that it defines you
• The Republic - book he wrote
• famous theories (Atlantis) came up w/ the first idea of hell (reason)
• Think on your own; understand your thoughts
• life and people = people living in a cave live is stuck in the cave and refuseto believe there is more to life (thinking outside the box)
• Body - spirit, desire, rational (harmony =justice in the head)
• 2 low classes ruled by an upper class because they are well educated
• commander or ruler stripped of personal properties
• Physical and mentalphysical
• 387-322 BCE - Aristotle
• More of a scientist/ father was a doctor of royal family
• At 17 he moved to Athens and studied at the Academy for 20 yrs
• forced out of Athens /greece taken over by king Phillip (macedonian)
• went to Asia Minor and knew King Hermious and married his niece
• moved to Pelia to be king Phillip's advisor
• Aristotle was Alexander the Great's tutor
• went back to Athens and stated his own school callled the Lyceum/ walking school, talk and share thoughts casually
• Macedonians treated people badly looked down upon
• believed you have to work and develop tools and work to achieve anything
• wrote books on science, math, and zoology
• music and proverbs
• came up w/ why humans ere here (purpose of life)
• original idea that the univers revolves around Earth
• created the idea of elements of the earth (fire, water, and earth)
• believed a ruler should be a little corrupted and rough
• worked w/ pathagorus and worked w/ phycology(soul)
• believed our soul was our diving compass

Plato and Aristotle had some opposing opinions on government. For example, Plato believed in a perfected, well-educated ruler, whereas Aristotle thought a ruler should be a little off balanced and not so perfect. One reason why these two thought differently was because they were brought up in different societies. Plato came from a wealty, articratic, and intelligent society, however, Aristotle came from a middle class society. Because Plato came from such an intelligent place, his opinion about a ruler stems off from where he comes from. Aristotle came from an average family and therefore requires an average ruler and knows there is no such thing as a perfect king.